Copernicus, founder of modern astronomy, was born in 1473 to a well-to-do merchant family in Torun,
Poland. He was sent off to attend university in Italy, studying mathematics and optics, and canon law.
Returning from his studies abroad, Copernicus was appointed to an administrative position in the cathedral
of Frauenburg.
There he spent a sheltered and academic life for the rest of his days.In his spare time, Copernicus studied the stars and the planets, applying his math knowledge to the mysteries of the night sky. He made his observations from a tower situated on the protective wall around the cathedral. His observations were made with the “bare eyeball,” so to speak, as a hundred years were to pass before the invention of the telescope. In 1530, Copernicus completed his famous work De Revolutionibus, which later played a major role in changing the philosophical view of humankind’s place in the universe. The book, however, wasn’t published until two months before his death.
Copernicus died in 1543 and was never to know what a stir his work would cause. In his book, he asserted that the Earth rotated on its axis once daily and traveled around the Sun once yearly. This went against the philosophical and religious beliefs held during medieval times. People then regarded the Earth as stationary, situated at the center of the universe, with the Sun and all the planets revolving around it. Copernicus’ theory challenged the long-held belief that God created the Heavens and the Earth, and could overturn the core values of the Catholic world. Religious leader Martin Luther voiced his opposition to the sun-centered system model.Other ministers quickly followed suit, saying of Copernicus, “This fool wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside down.”
Ironically, Copernicus had dedicated his work to Pope Paul III.If this act was an attempt to seek the Catholic Church’s approval, it was of no use. The Church ultimately banned De Revolutionibus, and the book remained on the list of forbidden reading material for nearly three centuries thereafter.
翻譯:
哥白尼，現代天文學的奠基人，1473年出生於托倫一個富裕的商人家庭，波蘭。 他被派往意大利上大學，學習數學和光學以及教會法。哥白尼留學歸來，被任命為大教堂的行政職務弗勞恩堡。 在餘下的日子裡，他在那裡度過了隱蔽的學術生活。
在業餘時間，哥白尼研究恆星和行星，應用他的數學了解夜空的奧秘。 他在位於大教堂周圍保護牆上的一座塔上進行了觀察。 他的觀察是用“裸眼球”進行的，可以這麼說，因為一百年過去了望遠鏡的發明。 1530 年，哥白尼完成了他的著名著作《論革 命》，後來在改變人類在宇宙中的位置的哲學觀點方面發揮了重要作用。 然而，這本書直到他去世前兩個月才出版。
哥白尼於 1543 年去世，他永遠不知道他的工作會引起怎樣的轟動。 他在書中斷言地球每天繞軸自轉一次，每年繞太陽公轉一周。 這違背了中世紀的哲學和宗教信仰。 那時的人認為地球是靜止的，位於宇宙的中心，與太陽和所有行星一起圍繞著它。 哥白尼的理論挑戰了長期以來上帝創造天地萬物的信念地球，並可能推翻天主教世界的核心價值觀。 宗教領袖馬丁路德表示反對日心說model.其他大臣迅速跟進，哥白尼說，“這個傻瓜想把整個天文學藝術顛倒過來。具有諷刺意味的是，哥白尼將自己的著作獻給了教皇保羅三世。如果此舉是為了尋求天主教會的認可，那是沒有用的。 教會最終De Revolutionibus 被禁，這本書在禁讀材料清單上停留了將近三年此後的幾個世紀 。
取自108指考篇章結構
地科:
1.天球是以地球為中心所投影出的假想大球，在這個假想球殼上，可以用經緯座標系統來描述天體的位置。
2.不同緯度地區看見的星空亦會有所不同。
3.地球自轉軸與黃道夾角為23.5度，北半球冬至與夏至時，太陽分別直射南、北回歸線春、秋分則會直射赤道。
物理:
克卜勒行星運動定律:
1.橢圓定律：行星繞太陽的軌道為一橢圓，且太陽位於橢圓的其中一個焦點上。
2.面積定律：同一顆行星與太陽的連線在相同時間內掃過相同面積。
3.週期定律：繞太陽運行的所有行星，其平均軌道半徑 R 的立方與其公轉週期 T 的平方之比值為一個定值。
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