Alfred陪你學測分科的部落格

取自103指考英文改編

The Spanish flu was a severe influenza epidemic that spread around the world in 1918. It is one of the largest and most far-reaching influenza epidemics in modern history.At its worst: The Spanish flu, which spread globally between 1918 and 1920, infected about a third of the world's population and killed an estimated 50 million to 100 million people.

Svalbard Global Seed Vault is a seed repository located in Svalbard, established in 2008. Its purpose is to serve as a safe, long-term seed repository to preserve the seeds of crops and plants around the world to prevent the loss of these seeds due to disasters on earth, such as wars, landscapes, viruses, etc.

The Seed Vault is funded by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates, the Government of Norway, governments worldwide, NGOs and private donations. At present, the seed bank has stored more than 1,000,000 crop and plant seeds from more than 180 countries and regions around the world.

The Seed Vault is a highly secure facility with a robust freezer and flood protection system. It lies underground in Svalbard, so it is not affected by environmental changes on Earth. The facility operates on a daily basis, and the condition of the stored seeds is checked regularly to ensure their integrity.

Currently, Svalbard Global Seed Vault is the world's largest seed repository and is widely recognized and supported worldwide. It is an important tool for humans to preserve crop diversity and an important guarantee for future biodiversity.

翻譯:
Svalbard Global Seed Vault是一個位於斯瓦爾巴群島的種子儲存庫，成立於2008年。它的目的是作為一個安全的、長期的種子儲存庫，以保存世界各地的作物和植物種子，以防止這些種子在地球上災難，如戰爭、風景、病毒等造成的喪失。

種子儲存庫是由諾貝爾和平奖得主、挪威政府、全球政府、非政府組織和私人捐款資助的。目前，種子儲存庫已經存有來自全球180多個國家和地區的超過1,000,000種作物和植物種子。

種子儲存庫是一個高度保密的設施，具有強大的冷凍設施和防洪系統。它位於斯瓦爾巴群島的地下，因此不受地球上的環境變化的影響。這個設施每天都在運作，並且定期檢查種子的存儲狀況，以確保它們的完整性。

目前，Svalbard Global Seed Vault是全球最大的種子儲存庫，並且在全球范圍內受到廣泛的認可和支持。它是人類保存作物多樣性的重要工具，也是未來生物多樣性的重要保障。

生物部分:
1. 基因多樣性：組成族群的同一物種，個體間仍存在不同基因型所造成的遺傳變
異。例如：人的不同膚色，狗的不同品種（哈士奇、拉不拉多、黃金獵犬）
等。
2 .物種多樣性：生物群集由多種物種組成。例如：臺灣的針葉林群集中包含松、
杉、柏等多種樹種。
3 .生態系多樣性：各種生物群集棲息於不同的環境中，成為各種不同的生
態系。例如：草原生態系、針葉林生態系、闊葉林生態系及熱帶雨林生態系等。
4.具有互動關係的物種，如植食性動物與植物之間、開花植物與傳粉動物之間、
掠食者與獵物之間，在天擇的作用下累積有利生存的性狀，彼此加速了演化的
進行。
5.生物的遺傳變異本身並沒有方向性（沒有目的性），生物在複雜的生物交互作
用裡，可能各自產生不同的適應方式，以通過生存的挑戰。例如：在非洲草原
上的羚羊能高速奔馳、斑馬有可混淆視線的條紋、野兔在夜間活動，這些都可
逃避掠食者。

Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is a wireless network technology that uses optical signals instead of radio signals. It was invented by Scottish physicist Haas in 2011. He came up with the idea of Li-Fi technology by using LED lights to transmit data and light sensors to receive and decode the data.

Since then, Li-Fi technology has made great progress and has been applied in various fields such as home, military, medical, education, industry and aviation. A major advantage of Li-Fi is that it can provide faster data speeds than Wi-Fi, and because light doesn't pass through walls, it can provide greater security.

At present, Li-Fi technology is still in its infancy, and compared with Wi-Fi, there are still some technical limitations, such as the need for direct light to transmit, so it cannot pass through walls and obstacles. However, with the continuous development of technology, Li-Fi technology is expected to become a main wireless network technology in the future, especially when the demand for wireless network is getting higher and higher.

翻譯:
Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) 是一種使用光信號代替無線電訊號的無線網絡技術。它是由蘇格蘭物理學家Haas在2011年發明的。他通過使用 LED 燈來傳送數據，並使用光感測器來接收和解碼數據，提出了 Li-Fi 技術的想法。

從那時以來，Li-Fi 技術已經有了很大的進展，並在各個領域，如家庭、軍事、醫療、教育、工業和航空等領域得到了應用。Li-Fi 的一個主要優點是它可以提供比 Wi-Fi 更快的數據速度，並且因為光線不會穿過牆壁，因此可以提供更高的安全性。

目前，Li-Fi 技術仍然處於起步階段，且與 Wi-Fi 相比尚有一些技術上的限制，例如需要直接光線可以傳輸，因此無法通過牆壁和障礙物。不過，隨著技術的不斷發展，未來 Li-Fi 技術將有望成為一種主要的無線網絡技術，特別是在對無線網絡的需求越來越高的情況下。

物理部分:
1.無線電波 1000,000 ～ 1000,000,000Hz主要應用於無線電視、無線廣播、無線電通訊，最長波段。
2.牛頓微粒說無法解釋兩束光如何互不干擾地交錯傳播，且預測光在水中的速率比在空氣中快（與事實不合）。
3.惠更斯波動說解釋反射現象、折射現象的步驟較為複雜，且始終找不到傳播光波的介質。

Copernicus, founder of modern astronomy, was born in 1473 to a well-to-do merchant family in Torun,
Poland. He was sent off to attend university in Italy, studying mathematics and optics, and canon law.
Returning from his studies abroad, Copernicus was appointed to an administrative position in the cathedral
of Frauenburg.
There he spent a sheltered and academic life for the rest of his days.In his spare time, Copernicus studied the stars and the planets, applying his math knowledge to the mysteries of the night sky. He made his observations from a tower situated on the protective wall around the cathedral. His observations were made with the “bare eyeball,” so to speak, as a hundred years were to pass before the invention of the telescope. In 1530, Copernicus completed his famous work De Revolutionibus, which later played a major role in changing the philosophical view of humankind’s place in the universe. The book, however, wasn’t published until two months before his death.
Copernicus died in 1543 and was never to know what a stir his work would cause. In his book, he asserted that the Earth rotated on its axis once daily and traveled around the Sun once yearly. This went against the philosophical and religious beliefs held during medieval times. People then regarded the Earth as stationary, situated at the center of the universe, with the Sun and all the planets revolving around it. Copernicus’ theory challenged the long-held belief that God created the Heavens and the Earth, and could overturn the core values of the Catholic world. Religious leader Martin Luther voiced his opposition to the sun-centered system model.Other ministers quickly followed suit, saying of Copernicus, “This fool wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside down.”
Ironically, Copernicus had dedicated his work to Pope Paul III.If this act was an attempt to seek the Catholic Church’s approval, it was of no use. The Church ultimately banned De Revolutionibus, and the book remained on the list of forbidden reading material for nearly three centuries thereafter.

翻譯:

哥白尼，現代天文學的奠基人，1473年出生於托倫一個富裕的商人家庭，波蘭。 他被派往意大利上大學，學習數學和光學以及教會法。哥白尼留學歸來，被任命為大教堂的行政職務弗勞恩堡。 在餘下的日子裡，他在那裡度過了隱蔽的學術生活。
在業餘時間，哥白尼研究恆星和行星，應用他的數學了解夜空的奧秘。 他在位於大教堂周圍保護牆上的一座塔上進行了觀察。 他的觀察是用“裸眼球”進行的，可以這麼說，因為一百年過去了望遠鏡的發明。 1530 年，哥白尼完成了他的著名著作《論革 命》，後來在改變人類在宇宙中的位置的哲學觀點方面發揮了重要作用。 然而，這本書直到他去世前兩個月才出版。
哥白尼於 1543 年去世，他永遠不知道他的工作會引起怎樣的轟動。 他在書中斷言地球每天繞軸自轉一次，每年繞太陽公轉一周。 這違背了中世紀的哲學和宗教信仰。 那時的人認為地球是靜止的，位於宇宙的中心，與太陽和所有行星一起圍繞著它。 哥白尼的理論挑戰了長期以來上帝創造天地萬物的信念地球，並可能推翻天主教世界的核心價值觀。 宗教領袖馬丁路德表示反對日心說model.其他大臣迅速跟進，哥白尼說，“這個傻瓜想把整個天文學藝術顛倒過來。具有諷刺意味的是，哥白尼將自己的著作獻給了教皇保羅三世。如果此舉是為了尋求天主教會的認可，那是沒有用的。 教會最終De Revolutionibus 被禁，這本書在禁讀材料清單上停留了將近三年此後的幾個世紀 。

取自108指考篇章結構

地科:
1.天球是以地球為中心所投影出的假想大球，在這個假想球殼上，可以用經緯座標系統來描述天體的位置。
2.不同緯度地區看見的星空亦會有所不同。
3.地球自轉軸與黃道夾角為23.5度，北半球冬至與夏至時，太陽分別直射南、北回歸線春、秋分則會直射赤道。
物理:
克卜勒行星運動定律:
1.橢圓定律：行星繞太陽的軌道為一橢圓，且太陽位於橢圓的其中一個焦點上。
2.面積定律：同一顆行星與太陽的連線在相同時間內掃過相同面積。
3.週期定律：繞太陽運行的所有行星，其平均軌道半徑 R 的立方與其公轉週期 T 的平方之比值為一個定值。

Sir Alexander Fleming was a British scientist who had a deep study in the fields of bacteriology and biology. One day in 1928, he returned to his laboratory and found that one of his petri dishes of bacteria culture had been infected by a naturally occurring fungus. He noticed that the area around the growth of the fungus did not have any bacterial growth, which gave him an idea that a substance produced by the fungus could kill the mold.

Franklin's kite experiment is a classic example of Franklin's research on electricity. Here's the story of Franklin's kite experiments:

Sir Archibald Garrod was a British biochemist and one of the pioneers of enzyme research in the early 20th century. He first proposed the concept of enzymes as specific biological catalysts in metabolic processes in 1902 and through his research, discovered the cause of inborn metabolic diseases.

Garrod's research focused on the mechanism of enzymes and inborn metabolic diseases, and he believed that these diseases were caused by enzyme deficiencies. He proposed a theory that enzyme deficiency leads to metabolic disorders and confirmed this theory through experiments. For example, he discovered a disease called "alkaptonuria," caused by a deficiency of an enzyme called "homogentisic acid oxidase."

初步介紹
1.托里切力( Evangelista Torricelli) 的老師是伽利略(挑戰教宗，追求地球繞日的真理)。